Long-term hydrology and aquatic biogeochemistry data from H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest,Cascade Mountains,Oregon     

Sherri L. Johnson  Don Henshaw  Greg Downing  Steve Wondzell  Mark Schulze  Adam Kennedy  Greg Cohn  Stephanie A. Schmidt  Julia A. Jones 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14187

The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) encompasses the 6400 ha Lookout Creek watershed in western Oregon, USA. Hydrologic, chemistry and precipitation data have been collected, curated, and archived for up to 70 years. The HJA was established in 1948 to study the effects of harvest of old-growth conifer forest and logging-road construction on water quality, quantity and vegetation succession. Over time, research questions have expanded to include terrestrial and aquatic species, communities and ecosystem dynamics. There are nine small experimental watersheds and 10 gaging stations in the HJA, including both reference and experimentally treated watersheds. Gaged watershed areas range from 8.5 to 6242 ha. All gaging stations record stage height, water conductivity, water temperature and above-stream air temperature. At nine of the gage sites, flow-proportional water samples are collected and composited over 3-week intervals for chemical analysis. Analysis of stream and precipitation chemistry began in 1968. Analytes include dissolved and particulate species of nitrogen and phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon, pH, specific conductance, suspended sediment, alkalinity, and major cations and anions. Supporting climate measurements began in the 1950s in association with the first small watershed experiments. Over time, and following the initiation of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) grant in 1980, infrastructure expanded to include a set of benchmark and secondary meteorological stations located in clearings spanning the elevation range within the Lookout Creek watershed, as well as a large number of forest understory temperature stations. Extensive metadata on sensor configurations, changes in methods over time, sensor accuracy and precision, and data quality control flags are associated with the HJA data.  相似文献   

Effectiveness of post-fire salvage logging stream buffer management for hillslope erosion in the U.S. Inland Northwest Mountains     

Peter R. Robichaud  Edwin D. Bone  Sarah A. Lewis  Erin S. Brooks  Robert E. Brown 《水文研究》2021,35(1):e13943

Active wildfire seasons in the western U.S. warrant the evaluation of post-fire forest management strategies. Ground-based salvage logging is often used to recover economic loss of burned timber. In unburned forests, ground-based logging often follows best management practices by leaving undisturbed areas near streams called stream buffers. However, the effectiveness of these buffers has not been tested in a post-wildfire setting. This experiment tested buffer width effectiveness with a novel field-simulated rill experiment using sediment-laden runoff (25 g/L) released over 40 min at evenly timed flow rates (50, 100 and 150 L/min) to measure surface runoff travel length and sediment concentration under unburned and high and low soil burn severity conditions at 2-, 10- and 22-month post-fire. High severity areas 2-month post-fire had rill lengths of up to 100 m. Rill length significantly decreased over time as vegetation regrowth provided ground cover. Sediment concentration and sediment dropout rate also varied significantly by soil burn severity. Sediment concentrations were 19 g/L for the highest flow 2-month post-fire and reduced to 6.9–14 g/L 10-month post-fire due to abundant vegetation recovery. The amount of sediment dropping out of the flow consistently increased over the study period with the low burn severity rate of 1.15 g L⁻¹ m⁻¹ approaching the unburned rate of 1.29 g L⁻¹ m⁻¹ by 2-year post-fire. These results suggest that an often-used standard, 15 m buffer, was sufficient to contain surface runoff and reduce sediment concentration on unburned sites, however buffers on high burn severity sites need to be eight times greater (120 m) immediately after wildfire and four times greater (60 m) 1-year post-fire. Low burn severity areas 1-year post-fire may need to be only twice the width of an unburned buffer (30 m), and 2-year post-fire these could return to unburned widths.  相似文献   

Comparative geochemical study of the cherty rocks of the Taukha terrane (Sikhote-Alin) and its paleogeodynamic significance     

Kemkin  Igor V.  Kemkina  Raisa A. 《中国地球化学学报》2020,39(4):539-560

Acta Geochimica - The article presents the results of a comparative geochemical study of cherts and siliceous–clayey rocks composing the tectono-sedimentary complexes of various structural...  相似文献   

Large debris flows in Chosica,Lima, Peru: the application of hydraulic infrastructure for erosion control and disaster prevention     

S. P. Villacorta  K. G. Evans  K. Nakatani  I. Villanueva 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2020,67(3):425-436

Abstract

Large debris flows in steep-sloped ravines debouching to the Rimac River, in metropolitan Lima (Peruvian capital), have resulted in considerable loss of life and property adversely impacting communities in the region. Temporal, spatial and volumetric features of debris flows are difficult to predict, and it is of utmost importance that achievable management solutions are found to reduce the impact of these catastrophic events. The emotional and economic toll of these debris flows on this increasingly densely populated capital city in South America is devastating where communities must live in such inadequate and dangerous conditions. To address this problem, the application of advanced Japanese technology, Sustainable Actions Basin Orientation (SABO), has been investigated using a geomorphological modelling to develop an implementation plan. Rayos de Sol stream basin in Chosica, was selected as a pilot to develop the proposal, as it is considered high risk due to the presence of ancient debris flows and recent flows in 2012, 2015 and 2017. The recurrence of debris flows in this location has resulted in numerous deaths and catastrophic property losses. This study combines geologic and geomorphic mapping and hydraulic and landform evolution numerical modelling. The implementation of a SABO Master Plan based on the multidisciplinary assessment hazard scenarios, will allow the implementation of feasible mitigation actions. The SABO technology has been applied successfully in Japan and other countries in areas with steep short slopes, similar to the conditions surrounding the Peruvian capital. Results from this study will be presented to the Peruvian Government as part of an action plan to manage debris-flow impact.

1. KEY POINTS

2. High-risk mass slope failure is linked to poor urban planning in urban developing regions of Lima the capital of Peru.

3. A multidisciplinary study including geotechnical and hydrological analysis, engineering design, and socio-economic research is required to implement a SABO Master Plan, and this basin is pilot study basin.

4. At the present time, a maintenance programme for existing hydraulic structures should be implemented, and a flood risk management plan developed may propose the relocation of some communities and infrastructure.

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Determination of the Thermophysical Characteristics of the Lunar Soil Using Solar Heat     

Dudkin  K. K.  Alifanov  O. M. 《Solar System Research》2020,54(7):630-636

Solar System Research - The possibility of determining the thermophysical characteristics of the lunar soil by a penetrating probe when using solar heat as a heater is considered. The effectiveness...  相似文献   

Non-LTE Effects in Rubidium Lines in Cool Stars     

Korotin  S. A. 《Astronomy Letters》2020,46(8):541-549

Astronomy Letters - The formation of the rubidium resonance lines is considered by taking into account the effects of departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). A rubidium model atom...  相似文献   

内蒙古碾子沟钼矿床成矿流体来源、演化及成矿机理     

孙丰月  王睿  王一存  李顺达  王可勇  石开拓  孙清飞  王文元 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2020,50(3):768-780

内蒙古自治区碾子沟钼矿床地处华北地台北缘西拉木伦钼成矿带西段，为一典型的中型石英脉型钼矿床。该钼矿床矿脉（体）主要产于燕山早期二长花岗岩-钾长花岗岩内NNW、NW向断裂构造体系之中，成矿作用过程经历了黄铁矿±辉钼矿＋石英（Ⅰ）、辉钼矿＋黄铁矿±黄铜矿＋石英（Ⅱ）、黄铜矿＋黄铁矿±闪锌矿＋石英（Ⅲ）及石英±方解石（Ⅳ）4个阶段。系统的流体包裹体岩相学、包裹体组分析、包裹体显微测温研究表明，矿床初始成矿流体为高温、中低盐度（490~550℃，盐度（w（NaC1））2%~10%，50~62 MPa）均匀的NaCl-H₂O体系热液，δ¹⁸O_H2O-SMOW（2.21‰）及δD_H2O-SMOW（-68.9‰）表明其主要来源于岩浆热液；成矿流体上升并不断汇聚于容矿断裂空间，伴随温度、压力降低（380~460℃，26~40 MPa→360~420℃，25~30 MPa）而进入两相不混溶区，流体开始发生沸腾→强烈沸腾作用，导致成矿元素Mo大量沉淀富集成矿，成矿晚期残余流体与大气降水混合（δ¹⁸O_H2O-SMOW为-2.41‰~2.51‰，δD_H2O-SMOW为-110.1‰~-105.5‰），矿床属燕山早期中高温岩浆热液型钼矿床。  相似文献   

Medium-Resolution Optical Range Space Images: Consumer Expectations     

Selin  V. A.  Emelyanov  A. A.  Sizov  O. S.  Emelyanov  K. S.  Borisov  A. V. 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2020,56(9):1182-1189

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Our survey of various space image consumers identified that the geographic coverage, regularity, and frequency of observations are the most important...  相似文献   

甘肃北山老金厂金矿床载金矿物特征、原位硫同位素组成及其对成矿的指示意义     

黄式庭  于晓飞  吕志成  刘家军  李永胜  杜泽忠  吕鑫  孙海瑞  杜轶伦 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2020,50(5):1387-1403

老金厂金矿床是北山成矿南带最具代表性的中低温岩浆热液型金矿床之一，其规模为中型。依据脉体穿插、矿物共生组合和矿石结构构造等特征，将矿床矿化作用过程划分为石英-黄铁矿阶段（Ⅰ）、石英-含砷黄铁矿-毒砂阶段（Ⅱ）、石英-黄铁矿-多金属硫化物阶段（Ⅲ）和石英-方解石阶段（Ⅳ）。利用电子探针研究了不同成矿阶段载金矿物的元素组成及其分布规律。Ⅰ阶段：黄铁矿以粗粒自形立方体为主，粒度为0.50~1.50 mm，贫As、Au；毒砂含量极少，呈细粒他形。Ⅱ阶段：含砷黄铁矿周围常有大量毒砂产出，含砷黄铁矿多为立方体、五角十二面体，粒度为0.30~1.00 mm，富As、Au；该阶段矿化最为强烈，毒砂主要形成于此时期，多呈棱柱状、柱状、放射状集合体，显示富S亏As特征。Ⅲ阶段：多以黄铁矿-黄铜矿-闪锌矿共生组合脉的形式产出，黄铁矿多呈长条状，以富S、Cu、Zn、Au和贫Fe、As为特征。Ⅳ阶段：矿化作用极弱，毒砂、黄铁矿含量极少，为细粒他形。原位硫同位素组成显示：Ⅰ阶段黄铁矿δ³⁴S_V-CDT值为-3.8‰~-2.9‰，均值为-3.3‰；Ⅱ阶段黄铁矿和毒砂δ³⁴S_V-CDT值为-4.7‰~2.6‰，均值为-3.3‰；Ⅲ阶段黄铁矿和闪锌矿δ³⁴S_V-CDT值主要分布于-1.9‰~1.0‰之间，均值为0.1‰。此3个阶段硫同位素组成反映了成矿期硫主要来源于幔源岩浆，混入了部分地层硫。综合前人研究成果，认为成矿早期至晚期，成矿流体总体上由富S贫As向富As贫S演化。Ⅰ阶段体系处于中性稳定的环境，硫源充足；Ⅱ阶段为贫S富As的高氧逸度环境，由于大气降水对地层的淋滤渗透，混入富As流体，Au可能与As结合形成Au-As络合物，在成矿有利部位富集沉淀；Ⅲ阶段成矿元素种类丰富，体系为富S贫As的弱还原环境，Au很可能与HS^-、S^-形成络合物进入黄铁矿晶格。  相似文献   

Analysis of soil drying incorporating a constitutive model for curling     

Maedo  Michael  Sánchez  Marcelo  Aljeznawi  Duaa  Manzoli  Osvaldo  Guimarães  Leonardo J. N.  Cleto  Pedro Rogério 《Acta Geotechnica》2020,15(9):2619-2635

This paper focuses on the shrinkage behavior of soil specimens involving sand, kaolinite, and kaolinite/sand mixtures subjected to desiccation under controlled conditions. Both, free and restrained shrinkage conditions are studied. The experiments show that pure soils do not curl upon unrestrained shrinkage; however, (under the same conditions) kaolinite/sand mixtures exhibited a marked curling. Furthermore, the mixture with the higher sand content broke through the middle of the sample after displaying a significant curling. Soils subjected to restricted shrinkage developed cracks with slight curling. To simulate the observed behavior, a mechanical model able to reproduce the detachment of the soil sample from the mold is proposed in this work and implemented in a fully coupled hydro-mechanical finite-element code. It is concluded that suction and differential shrinkage are key factors influencing the curling behavior of soils. The proposed framework was able to satisfactorily explain and reproduce the different stages and features of soil behavior observed in the experiments.

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